The pure material is a white, unstable crystalline, hygroscopic compound. Hydroxylammonium nitrate han is a promising candidate to replace highly toxic hydrazine in monopropellant thruster space applications. Hydroxylammonium nitrate substance information echa. Hydroxylammonium nitrate han based propellants are.
Decomposition pathways for aqueous hydroxylammonium. Primex aerospace company, under contract to the nasa glenn research center at lewis field, tested a 1lbf thruster using a hanbased monopropellant formulation. Hydroxylamine is a white crystalline solid, widely used as a reducing agent. Studies of the thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate over the range 200oc to 380oc showed two modes of decomposition 1.
Molecular simulation and kinetic modeling, journal of physical chemistry a, 122, pp. It is also an intermediate in biological nitrification. At room temperature pure nh2oh is ordinarily a white, unstable crystalline, hygroscopic compound. Thermal decomposition mechanism of aqueous hydroxylammonium. The thermal decomposition of hydroxylamine nitrate han 95% water solution, a green alternative of fueloxidizer formulation to hydrazine nitrate, as a rocket propellant in the presence of. Relatively dry, solid hydroxylammonium nitrate han, nhsub 3ohnosub 3, was examined by ir spectroscopy from 170 k to well above its decomposition point. The raman spectrum of an 11 molar hydroxylammonium nitrate han solution at ambient and unconfined conditions has been recorded and analyzed. Current study explores an iridium metal impregnated bifunctional variant of an earlier developed doped cerium oxide catalyst for han decomposition. All research was conducted at the aerospace laboratory for plasma experiments alpe at western michigan university. Pdf thermal stability of hydroxylammonium nitrate han.
What is the thermal decomposition of sodium nitrate. Study of the decomposition of phase stabilized ammonium nitrate psan by simultaneous thermal analysis. At all temperatures the first step is endothermic dissociation to ammonia and nitric acid. Thermal decomposition and combustion of explosives and.
Thermal decomposition and combustion of explosives and propellants provides several mechanisms and stages for the thermal decomposition and combustion reactions of most flammable compounds and their mixtures, such asaliphatic and aromatic nitrocompounds, nitramines, nitroesters, organic azides, furazanes, tetrazols, difluoroamines, polynitrous. This paper presents experimental results for the thermal decomposition of hydroxylammonium nitrate han in the presence of activated carbon with a high specific surface up to 3000 m 2 g obtained by activation of rice husk with potassium hydroxide at a temperature of 700c in a rotating spherical furnace. Decomposition of hydroxylammonium nitrate in a low pressure. Hydrazine decomposition was conducted on an unsupported iridium catalyst. It is being developed as a potential rocket propellant and is sometimes used in nuclear reprocessing as a plutonium reductant. It describes and explains how the thermal stability of the compounds changes as you go down the group. Oct 26, 2016 decomposition creates toxic gases containing ammonia and nitrogen oxides. Hydroxylammonium nitrate or hydroxylamine nitrate han is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula nh3ohno3. Hydroxylammmonium nitrate hydroxylamine nitrate, han is one. Consequently, in solid form both materials are unstable and potentially explosive. This unique book investigates the synthesis, kinetics, and thermal decomposition properties and processing of energyproducing materials used in propellants, explosives, pyrotechnic, and gasgenerating compositions. The reaction is exothermic above 8 c, and is most exothermic at 177 c. Decomposition of monopropellant blends of hydroxylammonium.
Catalytic decomposition of hydroxylammonium nitrate ionic. According to the harmonised classification and labelling atp01 approved by the european union, this substance is explosive mass explosion hazard, is toxic in contact with skin, is very toxic to aquatic life, is harmful if swallowed, causes serious eye irritation, is suspected of causing cancer, may cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure, causes skin. Decomposition pathways for aqueous hydroxylammonium nitrate solutions. Hydroxylammonium nitrate hanbased green propellant as. The clp regulation makes sure that the hazards presented by chemicals are clearly communicated to. Thermal decomposition and combustion of explosives and propellants. Hydroxylammonium nitrate han is a potential monopropellant for plasma based electric propulsion thrusters. Above 380c it decomposes into sodium nitrite nano2 and oxygen gas.
Hydroxylammonium nitrate based propellants are viable and effective solution for. International journal of energetic materials and chemical. Decomposition pathways for aqueous hydroxylammonium nitrate. The reaction products were identified by their masstocharge ratios and their. The book will be of interest to graduate students and researchers studying chemical kinetics and combustion, as well as professionals dealing with the synthesis, properties, processing and use of. Indian space research organisation isro has developed an environmentfriendly propellant to power satellites and spacecraft. Han is defined as hydroxylammonium nitrate somewhat frequently. The decomposition phenomena was captured using a high. May, 2018 isro is taking efforts to replace the conventional hydrazine rocket fuel, a highly toxic and carcinogenic chemical, with a greener propellant for future missions. All the carbonates in this group undergo thermal decomposition to give the metal oxide and carbon dioxide gas. The hazard classification and labelling section shows the hazards of a substance based on the standardised system of statements and pictograms established under the clp classification labelling and packaging regulation. Kaiqiang zhang and stefan thynell, 2018, thermal decomposition mechanism of aqueous hydroxylammonium nitrate han. In its pure form, it is a hygroscopic solid it is usually used in aqueous solution.
All the carbonates in this group undergo thermal decomposition to give the metal oxide and. In its pure form, it is a colourless hygroscopic solid, it has potential to be used as a rocket propellant either as a solution in monopropellants or bipropellants. All research was conducted at the aerospace laboratory. Study of the decomposition of phase stabilized ammonium. A variety of temperatures and pressures ranging from 23c. Decomposition of monopropellant blends of hydroxylammonium nitrate and imidazolebased ionic liquid fuels steven p. Hydroxylammonium nitrate han is being investigated as a promising substitute to hydrazine. Thermal decomposition characteristics of ammonium nitrate.
It has potential to be used as a rocket propellant either as a solution in monopropellants or bipropellants. As pure hydroxylamine is unstable and explosive, its salts such as hydroxylammonium chloride are more often used. Thermal decomposition of hydroxylammonium nitrate at kilobar. The addition of activated carbon reduces the temperature of the onset of. The decomposition of hydroxylammonium nitrate under vacuum conditions gregory a. The mechanism describes multiple kinetic processes, including nitration and nitrosation of hydroxylamine, hno dimerization, and honoregeneration pathways. Hydroxylammonium nitrate nh 3ohno 3 han, ammonium nitrate nh 4no 3 an and ammonium dinitramide nh 4nno 22 adn are proposed as oxidizer candidates for energetic aqueous ionic liquids and for new solid propellants 1,2.
Over 8000 sec of total test time was accumulated on a single thruster using. Influence of activated carbon on the thermal decomposition. Thermal decomposition study of nitramine based propellant was investigated by dsc and ozawa method. Hydroxylammonium nitrate han is a potential monopropellant for plasmabased electric propulsion thrusters. Hydrocarbonseeded ignition system for small spacecraft. Sciencemadness discussion board hydrazine nitrate and. The resulting nitrogen oxides will support combustion, even in the absence of other oxygen. G b manelis this unique book investigates the synthesis, kinetics, and thermal decomposition properties and processing of energyproducing materials used in propellants, explosives, pyrotechnic, and. Decomposition techniques and reaction mechanisms of hanbased propellants. Influence of activated carbon on the thermal decomposition of. Nitrite is a toxic compound known to cause methemoglobinemia.
This research investigates the decomposition of the ionic liquid. Request pdf performance and deactivation of irbased catalyst during hydroxylammonium nitrate catalytic decomposition the catalytic performance of. Double decomposition of hydrazine sulfate with calcium nitrate or barium nitrate or lead nitrate, or the perchlorates, should precipitate the insoluble metal sulfate, and leave the soluble hydrazine nitrate or perchlorate in aqueous solution which may be evaporated to crystallize out the hydrazine salt. The irceco 26 catalysed han does show a lowering of decomposition temperature, probably due to iridium presence, but with a much lower rate than given by either ir. Hydroxylammonium nitrate or hydroxylamine nitrate han is an energetic chemical with the chemical formula nh 3 ohno 3. The decomposition of hydroxylammonium nitrate under. Thermal decomposition of the group 2 carbonates and nitrates. Search results for hydroxylammonium nitrate at sigmaaldrich. Thermal decomposition of hydroxylammonium nitrate at.
Performance and deactivation of irbased catalyst during. One such promising candidate is hydroxylammonium nitrate han. Green monopropellants based on hydroxylammonium nitrate han are a promising alternative to hydrazine in space propulsion systems. Hydroxylammonium nitrate or hydroxylamine nitrate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula nh3ohno3. Rovey department of mechanical and aerospace engineering, missouri university of science and technology, rolla, missouri 65409. Isro is taking efforts to replace the conventional hydrazine rocket fuel, a highly toxic and carcinogenic chemical, with a greener propellant for future missions. Study on combustion mechanism of hydroxylammonium nitrate.
Hogeschool van arnhem en nijmegen dutch educational institution han. The resulting heat and pressure from the decomposition of ammonium nitrate may bui. Hydroxylammonium nitrate how is hydroxylammonium nitrate. Though slope of weight loss curve for irceco 26 is. Thermal decomposition is the term given to splitting up a compound by. It is a salt derived from hydroxylamine and nitric acid.
At 120 c, hydroxylammonium sulfate begins to decompose to sulfur trioxide, nitrous oxide, water, and ammonia. Its decomposition temperature falls somewhere in between ir. Technical report on hydroxylamine nitrate technical. Decomposition begins with the nitration no2 of hydroxylamine. This new fuel has shown promising results in the formulation and associated tests of a propellant blend based on hydroxylammonium nitrate han. It is used to prepare oximes, an important functional group. In its pure form, it is a colourless hygroscopic solid.
Catalytic decomposition of hydroxylammonium nitrate ionic liquid. The decomposition of hydroxylammonium nitrate under vacuum. Potential dualmode monopropellantelectrospraycapable mixtures of hydroxylammonium nitrate with ionic liquid fuels bmimno3 and emimetso4 are. Kinetics and mechanism of thermal decomposition of. Western michigan university, 2016 this research investigates the decomposition of the ionic liquid. Evaluation of hydroxylammonium nitrate han decomposition. In biological nitrification, the oxidation of nh 3 to. Hydroxylammonium nitrate or hydroxylamine nitrate han is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula nh 3 ohno 3. They have to be associated to efficient and stable catalysts, able to trigger the decomposition at. Hydroxylammonium nitrate han is the salt of hydroxylamine and nitric acid. The kinetics of thermal decomposition of melted hydroxylammonium nitrate have been investigated by the rate of heat production in the temperature range 84.
It can be considered a hybrid of ammonia and water due to parallels it shares with each. Hydroxylamine is an inorganic compound with the formula nh 2 oh. The decomposition proceeds with autocatalysis and up to 60 % of conversion the rate of the process increases proportionally to the square of the degree of decomposition. Thermal decomposition and combustion of explosives and propellants provides several mechanisms and stages for the thermal decomposition and combustion reactions of most flammable compounds and their mixtures, such asaliphatic and aromatic. The initial rate is proportional to the square of the. Further heating of the nitrite a white or pale yellow solid will lead to it breaking down into sodium oxide and nitrogen oxides. A detailed mechanism has been developed for thermal decomposition of hydroxylammonium nitrate han solutions, based on quantum mechanical calculations using the smd. It is related to ammonium nitrate, but has a higher oxygen content.
The same trends in terms of pressurerise rate during decomposition. Direct comparison of physical properties, performance, cost, storability, toxicity, storage requirements and accidental release measures for hydrogen peroxide, hydroxylammonium nitrate han, hydrazine and various cold gas monopropellants shows that hydrazine is the highest performing in terms of specific impulse. Using ozawa method, the kinematic parameters have been determined 20. Thermal decomposition and combustion of explosives and propellants provides several. Materials by eimass spectrometry, in book of abstracts of 8th eur. The mechanism describes multiple kinetic processes, including nitration and nitrosation of hydroxylamine, hno dimerization, and honoregeneration pathways involving habstraction reactions. Decomposition creates toxic gases containing ammonia and nitrogen oxides. Han hydroxylammonium nitratebased liquid gun propellants. The solution is corrosive and toxic, but is not believed to be carcinogenic. Thermal versus catalytic decomposition of ammonium nitrate. This new fuel has shown promising results in the formulation and associated tests of a propellant. Hydroxylamine is a reactive chemical with formula nh2oh. This paper presents the study of electrolytic decomposition of hydroxylammonium nitrate han ionic liquid in a transparent microreactor.
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